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The Son of Righteous Rise Again

Written By ۱۴۰۰ اسفند ۲۵, چهارشنبه Add Comment Edit

Belief that nigh or all the expressionless who have always lived will exist resurrected

Full general resurrection or universal resurrection is the belief in a resurrection of the dead, or resurrection from the dead (Koine: ἀνάστασις [τῶν] νεκρῶν , anastasis [ton] nekron; literally: "standing up again of the expressionless"[one]) by which nigh or all people who have died would be resurrected (brought dorsum to life). Various forms of this concept can exist constitute in Christian, Islamic, Jewish, Samaritanism and Zoroastrian eschatology.

Rabbinic Judaism and Samaritanism [edit]

At that place are iii explicit examples in the Hebrew Bible of people existence resurrected from the dead:

  • The prophet Elijah prays and God raises a young boy from death (1 Kings 17:17–24)
  • Elisha raises the son of the Shunammite woman (2 Kings iv:32–37); this was the very same child whose nativity he previously foretold (ii Kings 4:eight–16)
  • A expressionless man'southward body that was thrown into the dead Elisha'southward tomb is resurrected when the body touches Elisha's bones (two Kings 13:21)

While there was no belief in personal afterlife with reward or penalty in Judaism before 200 BC,[2] in later Judaism and Samaritanism it is believed that the God of Israel will one twenty-four hours give teḥiyyat ha-metim ("life to the dead") to the righteous during the Messianic Historic period, and they will live forever in the world to come (Olam Ha-Ba).[3] Jews today base this belief on the Book of Isaiah (Yeshayahu), Book of Ezekiel (Yeḥez'qel), and Book of Daniel (Dani'el). Samaritans base it solely on a passage called the Haazinu in the Samaritan Pentateuch, since they have just the Torah and reject the rest of the Hebrew Bible.

During the Second Temple catamenia, Judaism developed a diversity of beliefs concerning the resurrection. The concept of resurrection of the physical body is found in 2 Maccabees, according to which it will happen through recreation of the flesh.[4] Resurrection of the dead also appears in detail in the extra-canonical books of Enoch,[5] in the Apocalypse of Baruch,[half dozen] and 2 Esdras. Co-ordinate to the British scholar in aboriginal Judaism Philip R. Davies, there is "picayune or no clear reference ... either to immortality or to resurrection from the expressionless" in the Dead Sea scrolls texts.[seven] Both Josephus and the New Testament record that the Sadducees did not believe in an afterlife,[8] but the sources vary on the beliefs of the Pharisees. The New Attestation claims that the Pharisees believed in the resurrection, but does non specify whether this included the flesh or not.[9] According to Josephus, who himself was a Pharisee, the Pharisees held that only the soul was immortal and the souls of skillful people will be reincarnated and "pass into other bodies," while "the souls of the wicked will suffer eternal punishment."[10] Paul the Campaigner, who also was a Pharisee,[11] said that at the resurrection what is "sown equally a natural body is raised a spiritual trunk."[12] Jubilees refers only to the resurrection of the soul, or to a more general idea of an immortal soul.[13] The Second Temple Judaism tradition at Qumran held that there would be a resurrection of just and unjust, but of the very good and very bad,[xiv] and of Jews only.[15] [16] The extent of the resurrection in 2 Baruch and 4 Ezra is debated by scholars.[17] [eighteen] [19]

The resurrection of the dead is a core belief in the Mishnah which was assembled in the early centuries of the Christian era.[20] The belief in resurrection is expressed on all occasions in the Jewish liturgy; east.one thousand., in the morn prayer Elohai Neshamah, in the Shemoneh 'Esreh and in the funeral services.[21] Jewish halakhic authority Maimonides ready downwards his Thirteen Manufactures of Faith which have always since been printed in all Rabbinic Siddur (prayer books). Resurrection is the thirteenth principle: "I firmly believe that in that location will take place a revival of the dead at a time which volition delight the Creator, blessed be His proper noun."[22] Modernistic Orthodox Judaism holds belief in the resurrection of the dead to be one of the cardinal principles of Rabbinic Judaism.

Harry Sysling, in his 1996 study of Teḥiyyat Ha-Metim in the Palestinian Targumim, identifies a consistent usage of the term "second death" in texts from the Second Temple flow and early rabbinical writings, simply not in the Hebrew Bible.[23] "Second decease" is identified with judgment, followed by resurrection from Gehinnom ("Gehenna") at the Final Day.[24]

Christianity [edit]

Detail from a Due north Mississippi Christian cemetery headstone with the inscription: "May the resurrection find thee On the bust of thy God."

Epistles [edit]

In the First Epistle to the Corinthians affiliate 15, ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν is used for the resurrection of the dead.[ citation needed ] In verses 54–55, Paul the Apostle is conveyed as quoting from the Book of Hosea 13:14 where he speaks of the abolition of expiry. In the Pauline epistles of the New Testament, Paul the Apostle wrote that those who volition be resurrected to eternal life volition be resurrected with spiritual bodies, which are imperishable; the "flesh and blood" of natural, perishable bodies cannot inherit the kingdom of God, and, likewise, those that are corruptible will non receive incorruption (1 Corinthians 15:35–54). Even though Paul does non explicitly establish that immortality excludes physical bodies, some scholars understand that according to Paul, mankind is simply to play no function, as people are made immortal.[25]

Gospels and Acts [edit]

The Gospel of Matthew has Jesus famously teach/preach for the outset time in 4:17, "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is at hand." Matthew six:19-21. It introduces the expression ἀναστάσεως τῶν νεκρῶν, which is used in a monologue by Jesus who speaks to the crowds about "the resurrection" called simply ῇ ἀναστάσει (Mat. 22:29–33). This blazon of resurrection refers to the raising upward of the dead, all mankind, at the end of this present historic period,[26] the full general or universal resurrection.[27]

In the canonical gospels, the resurrection of Jesus is described as a resurrection of the flesh: from the empty tomb in Mark; the women embracing the anxiety of the resurrected Jesus in Matthew; the insistence of the resurrected Jesus in Luke that he is of "flesh and bones" and not just a spirit or pneuma; to the resurrected Jesus encouraging the disciples to touch his wounds in John.

In Acts of the Apostles the expression ἀναστάσεως νεκρῶν was used by the Apostles and Paul the Apostle to defend the doctrine of the resurrection. Paul brought up the resurrection in his trial before Ananias ben Nedebaios. The expression was variously used in reference to a full general resurrection (Acts 24:21)[27] at the stop of this present age (Acts 23:half dozen, 24:15).[26]

Acts 24:15 in the Rex James Version reads: "... there shall be a resurrection of the expressionless, both of the merely and unjust."

Nicene Creed and early Christianity [edit]

Resurrection of the Flesh (c. 1500) by Luca Signorelli – based on i Corinthians xv: 52: "the trumpet shall sound, and the dead shall be raised incorruptible, and we shall be changed." Chapel of San Brizio, Duomo, Orvieto.

Most Christian denominations profess the Nicene Creed, which affirms the resurrection of the dead; most English language versions of the Nicene Creed in current apply include the phrase: "We look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the globe to come."[28]

The Christian writers Irenaeus and Justin Martyr, in the 2d century, wrote against the idea that just the soul survived. (The word "soul" is unknown in the Aramaic; it entered Christian theology through the Greek.)[29] Justin Martyr insists that a man is both soul and trunk and Christ has promised to heighten both, just equally his own torso was raised.[30]

The Christian doctrine of resurrection is based on Christ's resurrection. There was no aboriginal Greek conventionalities in a general resurrection of the dead. Indeed, they held that once a body had been destroyed, there was no possibility of returning to life as not even the gods could recreate the flesh.[ citation needed ]

Several early on Church Fathers, like Pseudo-Justin, Justin Martyr, Tatian, Irenaeus, and Athenagoras of Athens fence about the Christian resurrection beliefs in means that reply to this traditional Greek scepticism to post-mortal physical continuity. The man body could non exist annihilated, merely dissolved – it could not fifty-fifty exist integrated in the bodies of those who devoured information technology. Thus God simply had to reassemble the minute parts of the dissolved bodies in the resurrection.[ citation needed ]

Traditional Christian Churches, i.e. ones that adhere to the creeds, continue to uphold the belief that in that location volition exist a full general and universal resurrection of the expressionless at "the end of fourth dimension", as described past Paul when he said: "He hath appointed a day, in which he volition judge the world" (Acts 17:31 KJV) and "At that place shall exist a resurrection of the dead, both of the just and unjust" (Acts 24:15 KJV).

Mod Era [edit]

Early Christian church building fathers defended the resurrection of the dead against the pagan belief that the immortal soul went to the underworld immediately later on death. Currently, however, it is a popular Christian belief that the souls of the righteous become to Heaven.[31] [32]

At the shut of the medieval period, the modern era brought a shift in Christian thinking from an emphasis on the resurrection of the torso back to the immortality of the soul.[33] This shift was a effect of a change in the zeitgeist, as a reaction to the Renaissance and later to the Enlightenment. André Dartigues has observed that specially "from the 17th to the 19th century, the language of popular piety no longer evoked the resurrection of the soul but everlasting life. Although theological textbooks still mentioned resurrection, they dealt with information technology as a speculative question more than than as an existential problem."[33]

This shift was supported not by any scripture, simply largely by the popular religion of the Enlightenment, deism. Deism immune for a supreme existence, such equally the philosophical first cause, but denied any significant personal or relational interaction with this figure. Deism, which was largely led by rationality and reason, could allow a belief in the immortality of the soul, but not necessarily in the resurrection of the dead. American deist Ethan Allen demonstrates this thinking in his work, Reason the Only Oracle of Man (1784) where he argues in the preface that nearly every philosophical problem is beyond humanity's understanding, including the miracles of Christianity, although he does permit for the immortality of an immaterial soul.[34]

Influence on secular law and custom [edit]

In Christian theology, it was once widely believed that to rise on Judgment Mean solar day the trunk had to be whole and preferably buried with the feet to the east so that the person would rising facing God.[35] [36] [37] An Act of Parliament from the reign of King Henry Viii stipulated that only the corpses of executed murderers could be used for dissection.[38] Restricting the supply to the cadavers of murderers was seen as an extra penalization for the crime. If one believes dismemberment stopped the possibility of resurrection of an intact trunk on judgment twenty-four hour period, then a posthumous execution is an effective style of punishing a criminal.[39] [40] [41] [42] Attitudes towards this upshot changed very slowly in the Great britain and were non manifested in law until the passing of the Anatomy Human activity in 1832. Cremation was accepted more slowly; the first UK cremation did not have place till October 1882, on private country, and cremation was non declared lawful until 1884, when Dr. William Price, a Druid Loftier priest, was tried and acquitted at South Glamorgan Assizes for the attempted cremation of the body of his baby son, Jesus Christ.[43]

Denominational views [edit]

In Catholicism, Augustine of Hippo believed in a universal resurrection of bodies for all immortal souls.[44] According to the Cosmic Encyclopedia:

"No doctrine of the Christian Religion", says St. Augustine, "is so vehemently and and then obstinately opposed as the doctrine of the resurrection of the mankind." This opposition had begun long earlier the days of St. Augustine.[45]

Co-ordinate to the Summa Theologica, spiritual beings that take been restored to glorified bodies will have the following basic qualities:

  • Impassibility (incorruptible / painless) – immunity from death and pain
  • Subtility (permeability) – freedom from restraint by thing
  • Agility – obedience to spirit with relation to move and space (the ability to move through infinite and time with the speed of thought)
  • Clarity – resplendent beauty of the spirit manifested in the body (as when Jesus was transfigured on Mountain Tabor)[46]

According to the Catholic Encyclopedia (1911) commodity on "General resurrection"[47]

"The Quaternary Lateran Council (1215) teaches that all men, whether elect or reprobate, "will rising once more with their own bodies which they now bear about with them" (chapter "Firmiter"). In the language of the creeds and professions of faith this return to life is called resurrection of the body (resurrectio carnis, resurrectio mortuorum, anastasis ton nekron) for a double reason: start, since the soul cannot die, it cannot be said to return to life; second the heretical contention of Hymeneus and Philitus that the Scriptures announce by resurrection not the return to life of the body, but the rise of the soul from the death of sin to the life of grace, must exist excluded."

The Catechism of the Catholic Church says:

997 What is "rise"? In expiry, the separation of the soul from the body, the man body decays and the soul goes to run into God, while awaiting its reunion with its glorified torso. God, in his almighty ability, will definitively grant incorruptible life to our bodies past reuniting them with our souls, through the power of Jesus' Resurrection.

998 Who will rise? All the dead will rise, "those who accept done good, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of judgment."

999 How? Christ is raised with his own body: "See my easily and my feet, that it is I myself"; just he did non return to an earthly life. So, in him, "all of them volition rising again with their ain bodies which they now bear," simply Christ "volition change our lowly body to be like his glorious body," into a "spiritual trunk":

But someone will ask, "How are the dead raised? With what kind of body practise they come?" You foolish man! What you lot sow does not come up to life unless it dies. and what you sow is not the torso which is to exist, but a blank kernel ....What is sown is perishable, what is raised is imperishable.... the dead will exist raised imperishable.... For this perishable nature must put on the imperishable, and this mortal nature must put on immortality.(1 Cor fifteen:35-37. 42. 53).

1001 When? Definitively "at the last day," "at the stop of the world." Indeed, the resurrection of the expressionless is closely associated with Christ's Parousia:

For the Lord himself will descend from heaven, with a cry of command, with the archangel's call, and with the sound of the trumpet of God. and the dead in Christ will rise start. (1 Thess 4:xvi)[48]

1038 The resurrection of all the dead, "of both the only and the unjust" (Acts 24:15), will precede the Last Judgment. This volition be "the hr when all who are in the tombs volition hear [the Son of homo's] vocalization and come along, those who take done proficient, to the resurrection of life, and those who have done evil, to the resurrection of judgment" (Jn 5:28-29).[49]

In Anglicanism, scholars such as the Bishop of Durham N. T. Wright,[fifty] take defended the primacy of the resurrection in Christian faith. Interviewed by Time in 2008, senior Anglican bishop and theologian N. T. Wright spoke of "the idea of actual resurrection that people deny when they talk about their 'souls going to Sky,'" adding: "I've often heard people say, 'I'm going to sky before long, and I won't need this stupid body at that place, thank goodness.' That'south a very damaging distortion, all the more than so for being unintentional." Instead, Wright explains: "In the Bible we are told that y'all die, and enter an intermediate state." This is "conscious," but "compared to being bodily alive, it will be similar being asleep." This will be followed by resurrection into new bodies, he says. "Our culture is very interested in life after death, only the New Testament is much more than interested in what I've chosen the life afterwards life later on decease."

Among the original Forty-Two Articles of the Church of England, 1 read: "The resurrection of the dead is not as yet brought to laissez passer, equally though it only belonged to the soul, which by the grace of Christ is raised from the death of sin, but it is to be looked for at the last day; for then (as Scripture doth well-nigh manifestly prove) to all that be dead their own bodies, flesh and os shall be restored, that the whole homo may (co-ordinate to his works) have other advantage or penalization, as he hath lived virtuously, or wickedly."[51]

Of Baptists, James Leo Garrett Jr., Due east. Glenn Hinson, and James E. Tull write that "Baptists traditionally have held firmly to the belief that Christ rose triumphant over death, sin, and hell in a bodily resurrection from the expressionless."[52]

In Lutheranism, Martin Luther personally believed and taught resurrection of the dead in combination with soul sleep. However, this is not a mainstream teaching of Lutheranism and nearly Lutherans traditionally believe in resurrection of the trunk in combination with the immortal soul.[53] According to the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS), on the last day all the expressionless will exist resurrected. Their souls volition then be reunited with the same bodies they had before dying. The bodies will and so exist changed, those of the wicked to a land of everlasting shame and torment, those of the righteous to an everlasting state of celestial glory.[54]

In Methodism, M. Douglas Meeks, professor of theology and Wesleyan studies at Vanderbilt Divinity School, states that "it is very important for Christians to hold to the resurrection of the body."[55] F. Belton Joyner in United Methodist Answers, states that the "New Attestation does not speak of a natural immortality of the soul, as if nosotros never really dice. It speaks of resurrection of the body, the claim that is made each fourth dimension we land the historic Apostles' Creed and classic Nicene Creed," given in The United Methodist Hymnal.[56] In ¶128 of the Volume of Discipline of the Free Methodist Church it is written: "There volition be a bodily resurrection from the dead of both the just and the unjust, they that take washed skillful unto the resurrection of life, they that have done evil unto the resurrection of the damnation. The resurrected body will be a spiritual body, but the person will be whole identifiable. The Resurrection of Christ is the guarantee of resurrection unto life to those who are in Him."[57] John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist Church, in his sermon On the Resurrection of the Dead, defended the doctrine, stating "There are many places of Scripture that plainly declare it. St. Paul, in the 53d verse of this chapter, tells us that 'this corruptible must put on incorruption, and this mortal must put on immortality.' [1 Corinthians 15:53]."[58] In improver, notable Methodist hymns, such as those by Charles Wesley, link 'our resurrection and Christ's resurrection".[55]

In Christian conditionalism, there are several churches, such every bit the Anabaptists and Socinians of the Reformation, then Seventh-twenty-four hours Adventist Church, Christadelphians, Jehovah's Witnesses, and theologians of different traditions who pass up the thought of the immortality of a non-physical soul as a vestige of Neoplatonism, and other pagan traditions.[ citation needed ] In this school of thought, the dead remain dead (and practice not immediately progress to a Heaven, Hell, or Purgatory) until a physical resurrection of some or all of the dead occurs at the end of time, or in Paradise restored on earth, in a full general resurrection. Some groups, Christadelphians in particular, consider that it is not a universal resurrection, and that at this time of resurrection that the Last Judgment will have place.[59]

The first-century treatise Didache comments 'Not the resurrection of everyone, but, as it says, "The Lord volition come and all his holy ones with him" (16.7)[60]

Many Evangelicals believe in a universal resurrection, but divided into two divide resurrections; at the Second Coming and so again at the Great White Throne.[61] The Doctrinal Footing of the Evangelical Alliance affirms belief in "the resurrection of the trunk, the judgment of the globe by our Lord Jesus Christ, with the eternal blessedness of the righteous, and the eternal punishment of the wicked."[62]

Latter Twenty-four hours Saints believe that God has a plan of conservancy. Earlier the resurrection, the spirits of the dead are believed to exist in a place known as the spirit world, which is similar to, nonetheless fundamentally distinct from, the traditional concept of Heaven and Hell. It is believed that the spirit retains its wants, beliefs, and desires in the afterlife.[63] Doctrine of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints teaches that Jesus Christ was the first person to be resurrected,[64] and that all those who have lived on the earth volition be resurrected because of Jesus Christ, regardless of their righteousness.[64] The Church teaches that not all are resurrected at the same time; the righteous will be resurrected in a "first resurrection" and unrepentant sinners in a "final resurrection."[64] The resurrection is believed to unite the spirit with the body again, and the Church building teaches that the torso (flesh and bone) will be made whole and become incorruptible, a state which includes immortality.[65] There is likewise a conventionalities in Latter-twenty-four hour period Saint doctrine that a few exceptional individuals were removed from the earth "without tasting of death." This is referred to every bit translation, and these individuals are believed to have retained their bodies in a purified grade, though they too will somewhen be required to receive resurrection.[66]

Some millennialists interpret the Book of Revelation as requiring 2 concrete resurrections of the dead, one before the Millennium, the other afterward information technology.[67]

Mortalists, those Christians who do non believe that humans take immortal souls, may believe in a universal resurrection, such every bit Martin Luther,[68] and Thomas Hobbes in Leviathan.[69] Some mortalist denominations may believe in a universal resurrection of all the dead, simply in two resurrection events, 1 at either finish of a millennium, such every bit Seventh-solar day Adventists.[70] Other mortalist denominations deny a universal resurrection, such every bit Christadelphians[71] and hold that the dead count iii groups; the bulk who will never be raised, those raised to condemnation, and a second concluding destruction in the "2nd Death", and those raised to eternal life.

Islam [edit]

According to Islamic eschatology, the Mean solar day of Resurrection (yawm al-qiyāmah) [72] is believed to be God'due south final assessment of humanity. The sequence of events (according to the nigh commonly held belief) is the annihilation of all creatures, resurrection of the body, and the judgment of all sentient creatures. The verbal time when these events will occur is unknown, however there are said to be major[73] and minor signs[74] which are to occur near the fourth dimension of Qiyamah (end time). Many Quranic verses, peculiarly the earlier ones, are dominated by the idea of the nearing of the day of resurrection.[75] [76]

In the sign of nafkhatu'50-ula, a trumpet will be sounded for the start time, and effect in the death of the remaining sinners. Then there will be a period of forty years. The eleventh sign is the sounding of a second trumpet to signal the resurrection as ba'as ba'da'fifty-mawt.[77] Then all volition be naked and running to the Place of Gathering.[ citation needed ]

The Day of Resurrection is one of the half-dozen articles of Islamic faith.[78] Everybody will account for their deeds in this globe and people volition go to heaven or hell.

Bahai Faith [edit]

See Terminal Judgment#Bahai Faith.

Zoroastrianism [edit]

The Zoroastrian conventionalities in an end times renovation of the earth is known equally frashokereti, which includes some form of revival of the dead that tin can be attested from no before than the 4th century BCE.[79] Equally distinct from Judaism this is the resurrection of all the dead to universal purification and renewal of the world.[80] In the frashokereti doctrine, the final renovation of the universe is when evil volition be destroyed, and everything else will be then in perfect unity with God (Ahura Mazda). The term probably means "making wonderful, excellent". The doctrinal bounds are (i) proficient will eventually prevail over evil; (2) creation was initially perfectly good, but was subsequently corrupted by evil; (3) the world will ultimately be restored to the perfection it had at the time of creation; (four) the "salvation for the individual depended on the sum of (that person'due south) thoughts, words and deeds, and there could be no intervention, whether compassionate or capricious, by any divine being to alter this." Thus, each human bears the responsibility for the fate of his own soul, and simultaneously shares in the responsibility for the fate of the earth.[81]

See also [edit]

  • Dying-and-rising god
  • Posthumous execution
  • Preterism
  • Technological resurrection

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ Strong 2007, p. 1604: G386 ἀνάστασις.
  2. ^ Gowan, Donald E. (1 Jan 2003). The Westminster Theological Wordbook of the Bible. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 188. ISBN978-0-664-22394-6.
  3. ^ "Maimonides' 13 Principles of Jewish Faith". web.oru.edu . Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  4. ^ ii Maccabees 7.11, 7.28.
  5. ^ 1 Enoch 61.5, 61.ii.
  6. ^ 2 Baruch 50.2, 51.5
  7. ^ Philip R. Davies. "Death, Resurrection and Life After Death in the Qumran Scrolls" in Alan J. Avery-Peck & Jacob Neusner (eds.) Judaism in Late Artifact: Part 4: Death, Life-After-Expiry, Resurrection, and the Globe-To-Come in the Judaisms of Antiquity. Leiden 2000:209.
  8. ^ Josephus Antiquities 18.xvi; Matthew 22.23; Mark 12.eighteen; Luke 20.27; Acts 23.8.
  9. ^ Acts 23.8.
  10. ^ Josephus Jewish War two.viii.14; cf. Antiquities 8.xiv–fifteen.
  11. ^ Acts 23.half dozen, 26.5.
  12. ^ i Corinthians xv.35–53
  13. ^ Jubilees 23.31
  14. ^ John Joseph Collins Apocalypticism in the Expressionless Body of water Scrolls 1997 p112 "The resurrection is not universal. It is the destiny of the very good and the very bad, who are raised for advantage and punishment respectively. Daniel uses the metaphor of slumber and awakening to indicate the transition that is in ..."
  15. ^ Lester L. Grabbe An introduction to kickoff century Judaism: Jewish religion and History in the 2d Temple Period (9780567085061): 1996 p79 "Here the resurrection is non universal only involves only some of the dead. The righteous achieve what is referred to as 'astral immortality'; that is, they become like the stars of heaven (12:iii). After this resurrection is found widely ..
  16. ^ The Expositor Samuel Cox, Sir William Robertson Nicoll, James Moffatt - 1884 "and that his soul may repose for e'er and ever with those elected unto life everlasting." 3 X. While thus the Jews firmly believed in the Resurrection of the expressionless, information technology was no universal resurrection that they held. "
  17. ^ Jacob Neusner, Alan Jeffery Avery-Peck Judaism in Late Antiquity: Part Four: Expiry, Life-After-Death 2000 p157 "2, p. 301. On the views of resurrection, judgment, and the world to come in 2 Baruch and 4 Ezra, see the article past John J. Collins in this volume and Nickelsburg, Resurrection, pp. 84-85, 138-140.
  18. ^ Liv Ingeborg Lied The other lands of Israel: imaginations of the state in 2 Baruch 2008 p189 "In other words, this is not a resurrection of all Israel or a universal resurrection of flesh (fifty–51). "The get-go" ("the ancients," "of ... 1Thess 4:xv; Cf. Charles, Apocalypse of Baruch, 55–56; Bogaert, Apocalypse de Baruch Two, 66)."
  19. ^ Turid Karlsen Seim, Jorunn Økland Metamorphoses: resurrection, trunk and transformative practices in 2009 p29 "In i Corinthians 15 Paul argues didactically rather than polemically in defense force of a resurrection from the dead.31 In the eschatological scenario of 1 Corinthians 15, in that location is, differently from two Baruch, no universal resurrection..."
  20. ^ Jacob Neusner, World Religions in America: An Introduction (2009), p. 133: "He who says, the resurrection of the expressionless is a teaching which does not derive from the Torah. ...Excluded are those who deny the resurrection of the dead, or deny that the Torah teaches that the expressionless volition alive."
  21. ^ "Resurrection: Jewish Creed or Not?". Jewish Encyclopedia . Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  22. ^ David Birnbaum, Jews, Church & Civilization, Volume III (Millennium Educational activity Foundation 2005), p. 157
  23. ^ "Bool of Job".
  24. ^ Harry Sysling, Teḥiyyat ha-metim: the resurrection of the dead in the Palestinian Targums (1996), p. 222: "Here the second death is identical with the judgment in Gehinnom. The wicked will perish and their riches will be given to the righteous."
  25. ^ Archibald Robertson & Alfred Plummer. A Critical and Exegetical Commentary on the First Epistle of St Paul to the Corinthians. Edinburgh 1914:375–76; Oscar Cullmann. "Immortality of the Soul or Resurrection of the Dead" in Krister Stendahl (ed.) Immortality and Resurrection. New York 1965 [1955]:35; Gunnar af Hällström. Carnis Resurrection: The Interpretation of a Credal Formula. Helsinki 1988:ten; Caroline Walker Bynum. The Resurrection of the Body in Western Christianity, 200–1336. New York 1995:6.
  26. ^ a b Thayer 1890, p. ἀνάστασις.
  27. ^ a b Abbott-Smith 1999, p. 33.
  28. ^ "Canon of the Catholic Church building, Profession of Fatih". Retrieved 23 August 2019.
  29. ^ Exegetical Lexicon of the New Testament
  30. ^ "Justin Martyr on the Resurrection". Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  31. ^ "Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod - Christian Cyclopedia". concordance.lcms.org . Retrieved xx March 2020.
  32. ^ Will Nosotros Exist Reunited with Children Who Have Died? Archived 7 December 2006 at the Wayback Auto
  33. ^ a b Encyclopedia of Christian Theology Vol. three, "Resurrection of the Dead" by André Dartigues, ed. by Jean-Yves Lacoste (New York: Routledge, 2005), 1381.
  34. ^ The Encyclopedia of Unbelief, Vol. 1, A–G, "Deism," Edited by Gordon Stein (Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1985), 134.
  35. ^ Barbara Yorke (2006), The Conversion of Britain Pearson Didactics, ISBN 0-582-77292-iii, ISBN 978-0-582-77292-2. p. 215
  36. ^ Essex, Massachusetts – Cemetery: The Old Burying Basis, Essex, Mass.I. Description and History "Up until the early 1800s, graves were marked by pairs of headstones and footstones, with the deceased laid to residue facing east to rise again at dawn of Judgment Mean solar day."
  37. ^ Grave and nave: an architecture of cemeteries and sanctuaries in rural Ontario "Sanctuaries confront due east, and burials are with the anxiety to the e, assuasive the incumbent to rise facing the dawn on the Day of Judgment."
  38. ^ The history of judicial hanging in Britain: Afterwards the execution "Henry Eight passed a police in 1540 allowing surgeons iv bodies of executed criminals each per year. Little was known about anatomy and medical schools were very keen to become their easily on expressionless bodies that they could dissect." [ dead link ]
  39. ^ Miriam Shergold and Jonathan GrantThe evolution of regulations for health inquiry in England(pdf) Prepared for the Section of Wellness, February 2006. Page 4. "For example, the Church banned dissection and autopsies on the grounds of the spiritual welfare of the deceased."
  40. ^ Staff. Resurrection of the Body Archived 23 Oct 2008 at the Wayback Machine Catholic Answers Archived 13 Nov 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 17 November 2008
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  79. ^ Richard N. Longenecker – Life in the Confront of Death: The Resurrection Message of the New Testament p. 48 1998 "Franz König, for example, concludes that the earliest testament of Zoroastrian conventionalities in a resurrection cannot be dated before the fourth century BC (cf. Zarathustras Jenseitsvorstellungen und das Alte Testament [Vienna: Herder, ."
  80. ^ R. M. M. Tuschling – Angels and Orthodoxy: A Written report in Their Development in Syria and ... – 2007 pp.. 23, 271 " While admitting that Judaism and Zoroastrianism share a belief in resurrection, he points to a significant difference between them: in Iranian religion all are resurrected and purified every bit part of the renewal of the world."
  81. ^ Boyce, Mary (1979), Zoroastrians: Their Religious Behavior and Practices, London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 27–29, ISBN978-0-415-23902-eight

References [edit]

  • Abbott-Smith, George (1999). A Manual Greek Lexicon of the New Testament (3rd ed.). Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 33. ISBN9780567086846.
  • Insight (1988). Insight on the Scriptures, Vol. 1. Pennsylvania: Watch Belfry Bible and Tract Social club of Pennsylvania. pp. 783–793.
  • Stiff, James (2007). Strong's exhaustive cyclopedia of the Bible (Updated ed.). Peabody, MA: Hendrickson Publishers. ISBN9781565633599.
  • Thayer, Joseph Henry (1890). Thayer'southward Greek-English language Lexicon of the New Testament. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson. ISBN9780913573228.

External links [edit]

  • Cosmic Encyclopedia: General Resurrection
  • George A. Barton, Kaufmann Kohler, "Resurrection", Jewish Encyclopedia (1906)
  • Jewish Encyclopedia: Resurrection

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_resurrection

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